TLDR
- Vitalik Buterin has unveiled a “Lean Ethereum” roadmap covering 2026–2029, comparing it in scale to the 2022 Merge
- Quantum resistance has moved up sharply in priority, with a quantum-safe blob solution described as urgent
- Privacy is being elevated from an optional feature to a core layer-1 goal
- A new virtual machine — either leanISA or RISC-V — may be introduced alongside the existing EVM
- Critics question whether the Ethereum Foundation can deliver on the timeline, given its history of missed deadlines
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has published a new long-term roadmap for the Ethereum network, calling it “Lean Ethereum.” The plan covers 2026 through 2029 and touches nearly every layer of the protocol.
Buterin posted the roadmap on X on Saturday, saying the upgrades will roll out over the next three to four years. He compared the scope of the changes to the September 2022 Merge, when Ethereum moved away from energy-intensive mining.
Two weeks ago, Ethereum researchers met in Berlin to continue charting the protocol's long-term trajectory, following along discussions with client teams in Svalbard in April.
The updated strawmap is at https://t.co/HZEerH1xxI, and I attached a picture of it to this post.
My… pic.twitter.com/KPGayHSySf
— vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin) July 4, 2026
The roadmap was developed following a research meeting in Berlin, where Ethereum developers and researchers gathered to update the network’s long-term technical direction.
Quantum Safety Becomes Urgent
One of the biggest shifts in the new plan is the elevated priority given to quantum resistance. Buterin said quantum safety “has shifted up a LOT in priority,” and that finalizing a quantum-safe solution for blobs has “become urgent.”
The roadmap calls for replacing all quantum-vulnerable components across the protocol. Work on a quantum-secure blob design is already underway.
Recursive STARKs are also set to be introduced as a core layer-1 component, replacing the current direct re-execution model used for verification.
Privacy Moves to the Core
Privacy has been upgraded from an add-on feature to a first-class layer-1 goal. Buterin said it now spans areas including the mempool and state tree design.
This shift is one of the more structural changes in the roadmap. Previously, privacy tools on Ethereum were largely built at the application layer rather than baked into the base protocol.
A new virtual machine is also on the table. Buterin said Ethereum may introduce leanISA or RISC-V alongside the existing EVM, with a long-term goal of making the protocol layer more direct and streamlined.
On the consensus side, the roadmap targets one- to two-round finality by decoupling the availability chain from finality. This is aimed at improving security and reducing latency.
For the state layer, Buterin said Ethereum’s existing dynamic state will remain, while new state types will be added for greater scalability. By 2030, Ethereum is expected to carry 2 TB of dynamic state plus 100 TB of new state. Migrating applications like tokens and NFTs to new state types could cut gas fees by more than ten times.
Doubts Over Delivery
Not everyone is convinced the timeline is realistic. Researcher Dankrad Feist praised the plan but argued the three to four year window is too slow, suggesting AI tools could help developers ship the upgrades within a year.
Crypto analyst Ignas Fiodorovas also backed the direction but raised doubts about the Ethereum Foundation’s ability to meet its own deadlines, pointing to past delays.
Fiodorovas added that the roadmap is missing one key element: improved tokenomics for Ether, which has continued to fall in price during the recent market downturn.
The roadmap comes after the Ethereum Foundation cut roughly 20% of its staff last month, targeting a 40% budget reduction. Several senior figures have also departed in recent months, including protocol contributors Tim Beiko and Barnabé Monnot.
